May 15: Climate change is currently one of the most pressing challenges facing humanity. Its consequences extend far beyond environmental concerns, significantly impacting the enjoyment of human rights, especially in vulnerable regions like Nepal.

This article aims to explore the multifaceted relationship between climate change and human rights in Nepal, highlighting the specific challenges faced by its population and the urgent need for action.

Climate Change in Nepal: A Growing Threat

Nepal, a landlocked country located in the Himalayas, is highly vulnerable to climate change due to its geography and socioeconomic factors. The impacts of climate change in Nepal are already visible, with rising temperatures, changing precipitation patterns, glacial melt, and more frequent and intense extreme weather events.

According to data from the Nepal Climate Change Knowledge Management Center, average temperatures in Nepal have been increasing at a rate of 0.06°C per year. This warming trend has led to the rapid melting of glaciers, resulting in increased risks of glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs), landslides, and flash floods. The frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, such as droughts and heavy rainfall, have also been on the rise.

Temperature Rise and Agricultural Productivity

Over the past few decades, Nepal has experienced a significant rise in temperatures, leading to adverse effects on agricultural productivity. The agricultural sector, which employs a substantial portion of the population, is crucial for livelihoods and food security.

According to a study by the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), Nepal's agriculture could witness a decline of up to 50% in crop yields by 2050 if appropriate measures are not taken.

Melting Glaciers and Water Resources
Nepal is home to numerous glaciers, which act as natural water reservoirs for downstream communities. However, these glaciers are rapidly melting due to rising temperatures, posing severe threats to water availability and quality.

The loss of glacial water sources not only affects agriculture but also disrupts hydropower generation, which is a vital source of energy for the country.

Impacts on Human Rights
The adverse effects of climate change in Nepal have far-reaching consequences for the enjoyment of human rights across various dimensions.

Right to Life and Livelihood

The right to life, as enshrined in international human rights instruments, is under threat in Nepal due to climate change. The increased frequency of extreme weather events, such as floods, landslides, and droughts, has resulted in loss of lives, displacement, and damage to infrastructure.

These events not only endanger physical safety but also disrupt livelihoods, particularly in rural areas where agriculture forms the backbone of local economies.

Right to Water and Sanitation

Climate change-induced impacts on water resources jeopardize the right to access clean water and sanitation facilities, particularly in marginalized communities. With glacial melt and changing precipitation patterns, communities are at risk of water scarcity, contamination, and reduced water quality.

This situation disproportionately affects vulnerable groups, such as women, children, and indigenous populations, who often bear the burden of fetching water over long distances.

Right to Health
Climate change exacerbates health risks in Nepal, primarily through the spread of diseases and the worsening of existing health challenges. Changing climatic conditions facilitate the transmission of vector-borne diseases like dengue fever and malaria, while extreme weather events increase the likelihood of injuries, trauma, and mental health issues.

Limited access to healthcare facilities and inadequate infrastructure further compound the challenges faced by vulnerable populations.

"The increased frequency of extreme weather events, such as floods, landslides, and droughts, has resulted in loss of lives, displacement, and damage to infrastructure.  These events not only endanger physical safety but also disrupt livelihoods, particularly in rural areas where agriculture forms the backbone of local economies."

Disproportionate Impact on Vulnerable Groups
Women and Children

Climate change exacerbates existing gender inequalities in Nepal, disproportionately affecting women and children. Women, who often bear the responsibility of household tasks and food production, face increased workloads and reduced access to resources as agricultural yields decline.

Moreover, natural disasters such as floods and landslides lead to displacement, placing women and children at higher risk of trafficking, sexual exploitation, and violence. A study conducted by the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) in Nepal found that women and girls are more likely to suffer the consequences of climate change due to cultural norms, limited access to resources, and discrimination.

For example, during periods of water scarcity, women and girls are often tasked with traveling long distances to fetch water, which exposes them to safety risks and restricts their access to education and economic opportunities.

Dalits, Ethnic and Sexual Minorities

Marginalized communities, including Dalits, ethnic minorities, and sexual minorities, face heightened vulnerabilities in the face of climate change. These groups often have limited access to resources, education, and healthcare, exacerbating their exposure to climate-induced hazards. Discrimination and exclusion from decision-making processes further restrict their ability to adapt and recover from climate-related shocks.

According to a report by the Institute of Human Rights Communication Nepal, Dalits and indigenous communities are disproportionately affected by climate change, particularly in terms of food security and access to water.

For instance, the report highlights that Dalit communities in the Terai region face challenges in accessing and utilizing water resources due to discriminatory practices and limited control over water sources.

The Elderly
The elderly population in Nepal is particularly susceptible to the impacts of climate change. Extreme temperatures, heatwaves, and inadequate access to healthcare services pose severe health risks for this demographic. Additionally, the elderly often face social isolation and limited mobility, making them more vulnerable during climate-related disasters.

A study published in the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health revealed that heat-related illnesses and deaths among the elderly have increased in Nepal due to rising temperatures. The study emphasized the need for improved healthcare services and targeted interventions to protect the rights and well-being of the elderly population.

Freedom of Expression and Access to Information
Preserving freedom of expression and access to information is crucial in addressing climate change. Nepalese citizens must have the right to voice their concerns, contribute to decision-making processes, and hold governments accountable for their environmental policies.

However, climate-related issues often face suppression and censorship, hindering the dissemination of information and stifling public discourse. Various reports from human rights organizations, such as Human Rights Watch, have highlighted cases of environmental activists, journalists, and community leaders facing harassment and threats for speaking out about climate change and its impacts. The intimidation and silencing of individuals hinder efforts to address climate change and protect human rights in Nepal.

Labor Rights and Economic Implications

Climate change significantly impacts labor rights in Nepal. As agricultural productivity declines, farmers and rural workers face reduced incomes, unemployment, and increased vulnerability. Extreme weather events also disrupt supply chains and negatively impact industries such as tourism and agriculture, leading to job losses and economic instability.

A report published by the International Labor Organization (ILO) indicates that climate change-induced disasters have a significant impact on employment and livelihoods in Nepal. The report suggests that climate change adaptation measures should prioritize job creation, skills development, and social protection for affected workers and communities.

"Due to extreme weather patterns, agricultural productivity declines. Farmers and rural workers face reduced incomes, unemployment, and increased vulnerability. Extreme weather events also disrupt supply chains and negatively impact industries such as tourism and agriculture, leading to job losses and economic instability."

The Way Forward: Protecting Human Rights in a Changing Climate
Strengthening Resilience and Adaptation

Nepal must prioritize the development and implementation of comprehensive climate adaptation strategies that consider the specific needs of vulnerable groups. This includes investing in early warning systems, disaster preparedness, and infrastructure resilience. Encouraging sustainable agricultural practices, promoting alternative livelihoods, and enhancing social protection mechanisms can help alleviate the impacts of climate change on marginalized communities.

Empowering Women and Marginalized Groups
Efforts should be made to empower women and marginalized groups by ensuring their active participation in decision-making processes related to climate change adaptation and mitigation. Strengthening legal frameworks that protect their rights, providing access to education and healthcare, and promoting gender equality are essential steps towards building resilient and inclusive communities.

Promoting Awareness and Education

Raising awareness about the impacts of climate change and its intersection with human rights is crucial. Comprehensive public education campaigns can help foster a sense of urgency and empower individuals to take action. Educating citizens about sustainable practices, environmental conservation, and the importance of human rights will contribute to building a more climate-resilient and equitable society.

The Role of Adaptation and Mitigation
To address the adverse impacts of climate change on human rights in Nepal, a two-pronged approach encompassing adaptation and mitigation measures is crucial.

Adaptation Strategies

Adaptation strategies play a vital role in enhancing the resilience of communities and safeguarding human rights. Investing in climate-resilient agriculture, such as improved irrigation techniques and crop diversification, can help mitigate the impacts on livelihoods and food security.

Additionally, strengthening early warning systems, improving disaster preparedness, and promoting climate-smart infrastructure are essential for protecting lives and minimizing the displacement caused by extreme weather events.

Mitigation Efforts
Mitigating climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emissions is equally important for protecting human rights in Nepal. The country's commitment to the Paris Agreement and its ambitious target of achieving 40% renewable energy by 2030 are steps in the right direction.

Expanding renewable energy sources, promoting energy efficiency, and integrating climate considerations into development planning are critical for mitigating climate change and ensuring a sustainable future.

International Cooperation and Responsibility
Addressing the intertwined challenges of climate change and human rights in Nepal requires collective action and international cooperation.

Financial Support and Technology Transfer
Developed countries have a responsibility to provide financial support and facilitate technology transfer to developing nations like Nepal. Adequate funding is essential to implement adaptation and mitigation strategies effectively and to enhance the resilience of vulnerable communities.

Access to environmentally friendly technologies can help Nepal transition to low-carbon development pathways, benefiting both the environment and human rights.

Empowering Local Communities
Recognizing the knowledge and experiences of local communities is crucial for effective climate action. Encouraging the participation of marginalized groups, women, and indigenous communities in decision-making processes empowers them to contribute to sustainable solutions that address their specific needs and rights.

Strengthening community-based adaptation initiatives and promoting indigenous knowledge systems can lead to more equitable and effective climate responses.

"Nepal must prioritize the development and implementation of comprehensive climate adaptation strategies that consider the specific needs of vulnerable groups. This includes investing in early warning systems, disaster preparedness, and infrastructure resilience."

Conclusion

The impact of climate change on human rights in Nepal is a complex and multifaceted issue. Vulnerable groups such as women, children, the elderly, Dalits, ethnic and sexual minorities bear the brunt of climate-related disasters, exacerbating existing inequalities and compromising fundamental human rights.

Protecting human rights in the face of climate change requires a holistic approach that integrates climate adaptation, gender equality, social inclusion, and sustainable development. By prioritizing resilience, empowering marginalized communities, and promoting awareness, Nepal can navigate the challenges posed by climate change while safeguarding the rights and well-being of its citizens.

Climate change poses significant threats to human rights in Nepal, affecting vulnerable populations across various dimensions of life. The right to life, livelihood, water, sanitation, and health are at stake due to rising temperatures, changing precipitation patterns, and the loss of glaciers.

By implementing adaptation and mitigation strategies, supporting international cooperation, and empowering local communities, Nepal can better protect its citizens' human rights while building a sustainable and resilient future for all.

Urgent action is needed to address the complex challenges posed by climate change, ensuring the rights and well-being of all Nepali people.

Madan Lamsal